The toxic smog in New Delhi, caused by vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and industrial activities, poses severe health risks, particularly to vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions. PM2.5 levels often exceed 300 micrograms per cubic metre during peak winter, which is 20 times the WHO's safe limit. The smog is further exacerbated by cooler temperatures that trap pollutants close to the ground. Despite the implementation of similar measures in previous years, the city has struggled to achieve significant improvements in air quality.